Factors Not Linked to an Increased Breast Cancer Risk
Many factors have been studied to learn whether or not they are linked to an increased risk of breast cancer.
Some of these factors have been shown to be unrelated to breast cancer and are not linked to an increased risk. Some may even be linked to a decreased risk of breast cancer, although these findings are not conclusive.
A full list of factors not related to breast cancer risk is too long to present here. Some, however, deserve mention because they’ve been studied more than most or they’ve gotten a lot of media attention.
Our Breast Cancer Risk Factors Table compares these and other factors by level of risk and strength of evidence.
The topics below are listed alphabetically. Click on a topic to learn more.
Research clearly shows no link between abortion (also called induced abortion) and the risk of breast cancer [532].
The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) and the National Cancer Institute (NCI) routinely review the evidence on abortion and breast cancer. Since 2003, they have agreed the scientific evidence does not show a link between abortion and breast cancer [533-535].
In 2021, ACOG reaffirmed their conclusion there’s no link between abortion and breast cancer [535].
The importance of study design for research on abortion and breast cancer risk
Some case-control studies have suggested abortion may be linked to an increased risk of breast cancer [536]. However, the design of case-control studies makes the accuracy of their results questionable.
Case-control studies rely on the reporting of past behavior. When it comes to a sensitive subject like abortion, this can have a big impact on the information gathered.
The cases in these studies (the women with breast cancer) may be more likely to give complete information about their abortion history than the controls (the women without breast cancer). The controls may not be as comfortable sharing this personal information as the women with breast cancer who are interested in whether personal health history is related to breast cancer. Such differences in reporting can bias study results.
Prospective cohort studies are much more likely to give accurate results on topics such as abortion. These studies gather sensitive information before women are diagnosed with breast cancer. This helps limit biased reporting.
Cohort studies show abortion isn’t linked to breast cancer risk [532,537-546].
Miscarriage
Cohort studies and a large pooled analysis have shown miscarriage (also called spontaneous abortion) is not related to the risk of breast cancer [537,539,542-544].
These findings support the evidence that abortion is not related to breast cancer risk.
Since 2003, the NCI has concluded miscarriage is not linked to breast cancer [533]. The NCI routinely reviews the evidence on this topic (most recently in 2016) and continues to agree the evidence does not support a link between miscarriage and breast cancer [533].
 | For a summary of research studies on abortion and breast cancer, visit the Breast Cancer Research Studies section. |
French fries and other foods cooked at high temperatures contain a chemical called acrylamide. Coffee also contains acrylamide.
Studies, including a meta-analysis that combined the results from 8 studies, have found no link between consuming foods and beverages that contain acrylamide and breast cancer risk [547-552].
Learn more about diet and breast cancer.
Environmental pollutants have been suggested as possible risk factors for breast cancer because many of these compounds have estrogen-like traits.
Some of the most common and well-studied environmental pollutants are organochlorines. They include:
- The pesticide DDE (1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene)
- Industrial chemicals, such as PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls)
A good way to measure exposure to these chemicals is to look at levels of these chemicals in a person’s blood.
Most studies looking at blood organochlorine levels and the risk of breast cancer, including the Long Island Breast Cancer Study, have found no link [553-561].
Breast cancer clusters
A breast cancer cluster is a small area, such as a town or county, where the rates of breast cancer are higher than the U.S. average. Sometimes, a cluster raises interest in possible environmental links to breast cancer.
Two of the best-studied breast cancer clusters are in Long Island, New York and Marin County, California (San Francisco Bay area) [556,562]. In the 1990s, rates of new cases of breast cancer were higher than expected in these areas.
Many studies looked at known risk factors and possible environmental factors (including organochlorines and electromagnetic fields) that might be related to the excess number of breast cancer cases in these areas.
The Long Island and Marin Country clusters were explained by differences in risk factors such as family history of breast cancer, use of menopausal hormone therapy (postmenopausal hormones) and age at first childbirth [556,562].
To date, no environmental toxins related to breast cancer have been found.
This doesn’t mean there are no environmental pollutants related to the risk of breast cancer. However, most clusters have been explained by differences in known risk factors.
Learn more about breast cancer and the environment.
Komen Perspectives
Read our perspective on environmental chemicals and breast cancer risk.*
| For a summary of research studies on environmental pollutants and breast cancer, visit the Breast Cancer Research Studies section. |
*Please note, the information provided within Komen Perspectives articles is only current as of the date of posting. Therefore, some information may be out of date.
Scientific evidence does not support a link between wearing an underwire bra (or any type of bra) and breast cancer risk [563]. There’s no biological reason they would be linked.
A 1991 case-control study found women who didn’t wear bras had a lower risk of breast cancer than women who did wear bras [564]. However, the authors stated this link was likely due to factors related to wearing a bra rather than the bra itself. The women in the study who didn’t wear a bra were more likely to be thin, which the authors concluded might account for their decreased risk of breast cancer [564].
Although wearing a bra doesn’t appear to be linked to breast cancer risk, breast size is under study as a possible risk factor.
Neither saline nor silicone breast implants are related to an increased risk of breast cancer [565-571].
Findings from cohort studies and a meta-analysis of 10 studies of cosmetic breast implants (including studies of both saline and silicone implants) have shown no increased breast cancer risk among women with implants [565-571].
A few studies have found a decreased risk of breast cancer among women with breast implants [568-570]. This decreased risk is most likely related to factors in women who tend to choose breast implants (such as being thin). These factors are likely linked to a lower risk of breast cancer rather than the implants themselves being linked to a lower risk [572].
Breast implants and risk of anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL)
Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is a rare cancer of the cells of the immune system [573-575]. When ALCL occurs in women with breast implants it’s called breast implant-associated ALCL (BIA-ALCL). BIA-ALCL is very treatable.
As of May 2024, more than 430 suspected or confirmed cases of BIA-ALCL have been reported in the U.S. [576].
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the American Society of Plastic Surgeons and the Plastic Surgery Foundation are working together to research and understand BIA-ALCL in women with breast implants.
Although the reasons are unclear, the risk of BIA-ALCL is higher for women with textured breast implants than for women with smooth implants [573-578]. Teardrop-shaped implants are textured implants.
Let your health care provider know if you notice any changes to your implant(s) or if you have any pain in the area.
Learn more about BIA-ALCL.
| For a summary of research studies on breast implants and breast cancer, visit the Breast Cancer Research Studies section. |
Most cohort studies have found no link between drinking either caffeinated coffee or tea and the risk of breast cancer [579-589].
Learn more about diet and breast cancer.
Coffee
A meta-analysis that combined the results of 37 studies found no link between caffeine or coffee intake and breast cancer risk [590].
Some studies suggest women who drink a lot of coffee (with caffeine) may have a lower risk of breast cancer compared to women who don’t drink coffee [590-594].
Tea
A meta-analysis that combined the results of 15 studies found no link between drinking tea and breast cancer risk [595].
Coffee, tea and survival
A possible link between drinking coffee and tea and improved breast cancer survival is also under study [596].
Studies show no link between cell phone use and the risk of breast cancer [597-601].
According to the National Cancer Institute and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the evidence to date doesn’t suggest a link between cell phone use and any type of cancer [600-601].
Research on deodorant and antiperspirant use and breast cancer risk was driven by concerns about chemicals found in these products.
However, studies have found no link between deodorant or antiperspirant use and breast cancer risk [602-603].
Komen Perspectives
Read our perspective on deodorant/antiperspirant use and breast cancer risk.*
*Please note, the information provided within Komen Perspectives articles is only current as of the date of posting. Therefore, some information may be out of date.
People are exposed to electromagnetic fields (EMF) in different ways, such as through utility wires, microwave ovens, fluorescent lighting and electric blankets.
Regular exposure to EMF doesn’t appear to be linked to breast cancer risk [604-607]. Large cohort studies and a meta-analysis that combined the results of 15 studies have found no link between EMF and breast cancer risk [604-607].
Komen Perspectives
Read our perspective on cancer cluster studies of EMF and breast cancer risk.*
| For a summary of research studies on electromagnetic fields and breast cancer, visit the Breast Cancer Research Studies section. |
*Please note, the information provided within Komen Perspectives articles is only current as of the date of posting. Therefore, some information may be out of date.
Although it’s not clear why, breast cancer is slightly more likely to occur in the left breast than in the right breast [608].
This difference prompted a theory that being left-handed may be linked to an increased breast cancer risk.
However, studies have found no link between being left-handed and breast cancer risk [564,609-612]. Further, being left-handed is not linked to reproductive factors related to breast cancer risk, such as age at first period or age at menopause [608,610].
Migraine headaches may be related to changing estrogen levels in a woman’s body. Since estrogen is related to breast cancer risk, migraines have been studied as a possible risk factor for breast cancer [613].
However, a meta-analysis of findings from 3 large cohort studies found no difference in breast cancer risk for women with and without a history of migraines [613].
Learn more about estrogen and breast cancer risk.
Eating sugar does not make cancer cells grow [614].
A few studies have found no difference in breast cancer risk between women who ate a lot of sugar (or drank a lot of sugar-sweetened beverages) and those who consumed little sugar [615-616,637].
However, eating a lot of sugar (or drinking a lot of sugar-sweetened beverages) can lead to weight gain, which is linked to an increased risk of breast cancer [87-90].
Whether or not drinking a lot of sugar-sweetened beverages is related to breast cancer survival is under study [617].
For a healthy diet, limit high-calorie foods and beverages, including those with a lot of sugar [27].
Learn more about diet and breast cancer.
Learn more about body weight and breast cancer risk.
Learn more about a healthy lifestyle and breast cancer.
There’s no evidence to support a link between trauma or injury to the breast and the risk of breast cancer.
Where do the data come from?
Human studies
The data in this section come from 2 main types of research studies:
The goal of these studies is to give information that helps support or disprove an idea about a possible link between an exposure (such as alcohol use) and an outcome (such as breast cancer) in people.
Although they have the same goal, observational studies and randomized controlled trials differ in:
- The way they’re conducted
- The strength of the conclusions they reach
Learn more about different types of research studies.
Animal studies
Animal studies add to our understanding of how and why some factors may be linked to cancer in people.
However, there are many differences between animals and people, so it’s hard to translate findings directly from one to the other.
Animal studies are also designed differently. They often look at exposures in larger doses and for shorter periods of time than are suitable for people.
While animal studies can lay the groundwork for research in people, we need human studies to draw conclusions for people.
All the data you see in this section of the website come from human studies.
Finding information on risk factors
Susan G. Komen® has up-to-date information on many established, probable and possible risk factors for breast cancer. Komen also has information on many factors not related to risk.
Other health organizations conduct research and/or prepare detailed summary reports of research on certain factors shown to have a link (or no link) to breast cancer and other types of cancer, including:
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
- National Toxicology Program (NTP)
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
- World Cancer Research Fund International
IARC is a part of the World Health Organization. The CDC, NTP and FDA are all part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. World Cancer Research Fund International is a non-profit organization.
To learn more about the role of the environment in breast cancer, Susan G. Komen® sponsored a study from the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine), “Breast Cancer and the Environment, a Life Course Approach.” |
Updated 06/06/24
