Above all, we make a difference.
Home > Breast Cancer Information > Screening & Early Detection > Screening & Early Detection References

Screening & Early Detection References

  1. American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts and Figures 2022. Atlanta, GA: American Cancer Society, 2022.
  2. Bernardi D, Macaskill P, Pellegrini M, et al. Breast cancer screening with tomosynthesis (3D mammography) with acquired or synthetic 2D mammography compared with 2D mammography alone (STORM-2): a population-based prospective study. Lancet Oncol. 17(8):1105-13, 2016.
  3. Pattacini P, Nitrosi A, Giorgi Rossi P, et al. For the RETomo Working Group. Digital mammography versus digital mammography plus tomosynthesis for breast cancer screening: The Reggio Emilia Tomosynthesis randomized trial. Radiology. 288(2):375-385, 2018.
  4. Marinovich ML, Hunter KE, Macaskill P, Houssami N. Breast cancer screening using tomosynthesis or mammography: a meta-analysis of cancer detection and recall. J Natl Cancer Inst. 110(9):942-949, 2018.
  5. Alabousi M, Wadera A, Kashif Al-Ghita M, et al. Performance of digital breast tomosynthesis, synthetic mammography, and digital mammography in breast cancer screening: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst. 113(6):680-690, 2021.
  6. Richman IB, Long JB, Hoag JR, et al. Comparative effectiveness of digital breast tomosynthesis for breast cancer screening among women 40-64 years old. J Natl Cancer Inst. 113(11):1515-1522, 2021.
  7. Heindel W, Weigel S, Gerß J, for the TOSYMA Screening Trial Study Group. Digital breast tomosynthesis plus synthesised mammography versus digital screening mammography for the detection of invasive breast cancer (TOSYMA): a multicentre, open-label, randomised, controlled, superiority trial. Lancet Oncol. 23(5):601-611, 2022.
  8. American Cancer Society. American Cancer Society recommendations for the early detection of breast cancer. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/screening-tests-and-early-detection/american-cancer-society-recommendations-for-the-early-detection-of-breast-cancer.html, 2022.
  9. National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN). NCCN Clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Breast cancer screening and diagnosis, Version 1.2022. http://www.nccn.org, 2022.
  10. Melnikow J, Fenton JJ, Whitlock EP, et al. Supplemental screening for breast cancer in women with dense breasts: a systematic review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 164(4):268-78, 2016.
  11. Siu AL on behalf of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for breast cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 164(4):279-96, 2016.
  12. Yaffe MJ, Mainprize JG. Risk of radiation-induced breast cancer from mammographic screening. Radiology. 258(1):98-105, 2011.
  13. de Gelder R, Draisma G, Heijnsdijk EA, de Koning HJ. Population-based mammography screening below age 50: balancing radiation-induced vs prevented breast cancer deaths. Br J Cancer. 104(7):1214-20, 2011.
  14. Miglioretti DL, Lange J, van den Broek JJ, et al. Radiation-induced breast cancer incidence and mortality from digital mammography screening: a modeling study. Ann Intern Med. 164(4):205-14, 2016.
  15. Neal CH, Helvie MA. Overdiagnosis and risks of breast cancer screening. Radiol Clin North Am. 59(1):19-27, 2021.
  16. Gøtzsche PC, Jørgensen KJ. Screening for breast cancer with mammography. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 6:CD001877, 2013.
  17. Sogani J, Morris E, Kaplan J, et al. Comparison of background parenchymal enhancement at contrast-enhanced spectral mammography and breast MR imaging. Radiology. 282:63–73, 2017.
  18. Covington MF, Pizzitola VJ, Lorans R, et al. The future of contrast-enhanced mammography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 210(2):292-300, 2018.
  19. U.S. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. Preventive care benefits for women. https://www.healthcare.gov/preventive-care-women/, 2022.
  20. Grabler P, Sighoko D, Wang L, Allgood K, Ansell D. Recall and cancer detection rates for screening mammography: finding the sweet spot. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 208(1):208-213, 2017.
  21. Lehman CD, Arao RF, Sprague BL, et al. National performance benchmarks for modern screening digital mammography: update from the Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium. Radiology. 283(1): 49–58, 2017.
  22. Hubbard RA, Kerlikowske K, Flowers CI, Yankaskas BC, Zhu W, Miglioretti DL. Cumulative probability of false-positive recall or biopsy recommendation after 10 years of screening mammography: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 155(8):481-92, 2011.
  23. Independent UK Panel on Breast Cancer Screening. The benefits and harms of breast cancer screening: an independent review. Lancet. 380(9855):1778-86, 2012.
  24. Nelson HD, Pappas M, Cantor A, Griffin J, Daeges M, Humphrey L. Harms of breast cancer screening: systematic review to update the 2009 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation. Ann Intern Med. 164(4):256-67, 2016.
  25. Ho TH, Bissell MCS, Kerlikowske K, et al. Cumulative probability of false-positive results after 10 years of screening with digital breast tomosynthesis vs digital mammography. JAMA Netw Open. 5(3):e222440, 2022.
  26. Boyd NF, Guo H, Martin LJ, et al. Mammographic density and the risk and detection of breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 356(3):227-36, 2007.
  27. Yaghjyan L, Colditz GA, Collins LC, et al. Mammographic breast density and subsequent risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women according to tumor characteristics. J Natl Cancer Inst. 103(15):1179-89, 2011.
  28. Gierach GL, Ichikawa L, Kerlikowske K, et al. Relationship between mammographic density and breast cancer death in the Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium. J Natl Cancer Inst. 104(16):1218-27, 2012.
  29. van der Waal D, Verbeek ALM, Broeders MJM. Breast density and breast cancer-specific survival by detection mode. BMC Cancer. 18(1):386, 2018.
  30. Heindl F, Fasching PA, Hein A, et al. Mammographic density and prognosis in primary breast cancer patients. Breast. 59:51-57, 2021.
  31. Canadian Cancer Society. Breast calcifications. https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-types/breast/what-is-breast-cancer/breast-calcifications, 2022.
  32. D’Orsi CJ, Sickles EA, Mendelson EB, et al. ACR BI-RADS® Atlas, Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System. Reston, VA. American College of Radiology, 2013.
  33. American Cancer Society. Understanding your mammogram report. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/screening-tests-and-early-detection/mammograms/understanding-your-mammogram-report.html, 2022.
  34. Nelson HD, Fu R, Cantor A, Pappas M, Daeges M, Humphrey L. Effectiveness of breast cancer screening: systematic review and meta-analysis to update the 2009 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation. Ann Intern Med. 164(4):244-55, 2016.
  35. Qaseem A, Lin JS, Mustafa RA, et al. for the Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians. Screening for breast cancer in average-risk women: a guidance statement from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 170(8):547-560, 2019.
  36. American Geriatrics Society. Choosing wisely. http://www.choosingwisely.org/clinician-lists/american-geriatrics-society-breast-colorectal-prostate-cancer-screening-in-older-adults/, 2015.
  37. Lehman CD, Arao RF, Sprague BL, et al. National performance benchmarks for modern screening digital mammography: update from the Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium. Radiology. 283(1): 49–58, 2017.
  38. Tosteson AN, Fryback DG, Hammond CS, et al. Consequences of false-positive screening mammograms. JAMA Intern Med. 174(6):954-61, 2014.
  39. Bolejko A, Hagell P, Wann-Hansson C, Zackrisson S. Prevalence, long-term development, and predictors of psychosocial consequences of false-positive mammography among women attending population-based screening. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 24(9):1388-97, 2015.
  40. Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, et al. for the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) Investigators Writing Group. Risk and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in health postmenopausal women: Principal results from the Women’s Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA. 288(3):321-33, 2002.
  41. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Menopause & hormones: common questions. https://www.fda.gov/media/130242/download, 2019.
  42. Chlebowski RT, Hendrix SL, Langer RD, et al. for the Women’s Health Initiative Investigators. Influence of estrogen plus progestin on breast cancer and mammography in healthy postmenopausal women: the Women’s Health Initiative randomized trial. JAMA. 289(24):3243-53, 2003.
  43. Chlebowski RT, Anderson G, Manson JE, et al. Estrogen alone in postmenopausal women and breast cancer detection by means of mammography and breast biopsy. J Clin Oncol. 28(16):2690-7, 2010.
  44. McTiernan A, Martin CF, Peck JD, et al. for the Women’s Health Initiative Mammogram Density Study Investigators. Estrogen-plus-progestin use and mammographic density in postmenopausal women: women’s health initiative randomized trial. J Natl Cancer Inst. 97(18):1366-76, 2005.
  45. Stefanick ML, Anderson GL, Margolis KL, et al. for the Women’s Health Initiative Investigators. Effects of conjugated equine estrogens on breast cancer and mammography screening in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy. JAMA. 295(14):1647-57, 2006.
  46. McTiernan A, Chlebowski RT, Martin C, et al. for the Women’s Health Initiative Investigators. Conjugated equine estrogen influence on mammographic density in postmenopausal women in a substudy of the women’s health initiative randomized trial. J Clin Oncol. 27(36):6135-43, 2009.
  47. Rawashdeh MA, Lee WB, Bourne RM, et al. Markers of good performance in mammography depend on number of annual readings. Radiology. 269(1):61-7, 2013.
  48. Théberge I, Chang SL, Vandal N, et al. Radiologist interpretive volume and breast cancer screening accuracy in a Canadian organized screening program. J Natl Cancer Inst. 106(3):djt461, 2014.
  49. Giess CS, Wang A, Ip IK, Lacson R, Pourjabbar S, Khorasani R. Patient, radiologist, and examination characteristics affecting screening mammography recall rates in a large academic practice. J Am Coll Radiol. 16(4 Pt A):411-418, 2019.
  50. Lee CS, Bhargavan-Chatfield M, Burnside ES, Nagy P, Sickles EA. The National Mammography Database: preliminary data. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 206(4):883-90, 2016.
  51. Stout NK, Lee SJ, Schechter CB, et al. Benefits, harms, and costs for breast cancer screening after US implementation of digital mammography. J Natl Cancer Inst. 106(6):dju092, 2014.
  52. Slanetz PJ, Moy L, Baron P, et al. for the Expert Panel on Breast Imaging. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® monitoring response to neoadjuvant systemic therapy for breast cancer. J Am Coll Radiol. 14(11S):S462-S475, 2017.
  53. Surveillance Research Program, National Cancer Institute. SEER*Explorer. Breast cancer- recent trends in SEER age-adjusted incidence rates, 2000-2019 by age, delay-adjusted SEER incidence rate, female, all races, all stages. Accessed on June 22, 2022. https://seer.cancer.gov/explorer/, 2022.
  54. Miller AB, Wall C, Baines CJ, Sun P, To T, Narod SA. Twenty five year follow-up for breast cancer incidence and mortality of the Canadian National Breast Screening Study: randomised screening trial. BMJ. 348:g366, 2014.
  55. Jørgensen KJ, Gøtzsche PC, Kalager M, Zahl PH. Breast cancer screening in Denmark: a cohort study of tumor size and overdiagnosis. Ann Intern Med. 166(5):313-323, 2017.
  56. Autier P, Boniol M, Koechlin A, Pizot C, Boniol M. Effectiveness of and overdiagnosis from mammography screening in the Netherlands: population based study. BMJ. 359:j5224, 2017.
  57. Katalinic A, Eisemann N, Kraywinkel K, Noftz MR, Hübner J. Breast cancer incidence and mortality before and after implementation of the German Mammography Screening Program. Int J Cancer. 147(3):709-718, 2020.
  58. Neal CH, Helvie MA. Overdiagnosis and risks of breast cancer screening. Radiol Clin North Am. 59(1):19-27, 2021.
  59. Ryser MD, Lange J, Inoue LYT, et al. Estimation of breast cancer overdiagnosis in a U.S. breast screening cohort. Ann Intern Med. 175(4):471-478, 2022.
  60. Myers ER, Moorman P, Gierisch JM, et al. Benefits and harms of breast cancer screening: a systematic review. JAMA. 314(15):1615-34, 2015.
  61. Collins LC, Tamimi RM, Baer HJ, Connolly JL, Colditz GA, Schnitt SJ. Outcome of patients with ductal carcinoma in situ untreated after diagnostic biopsy: results from the Nurses’ Health Study. Cancer. 103(9):1778-1784, 2005.
  62. Erbas B, Provenzano E, Armes J, Gertig D. The natural history of ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast: a review. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 97(2):135-144, 2006.
  63. Van Zee KJ, White J, Morrow M, Harris JR. Chapter 23: Ductal carcinoma in situ and microinvasive carcinoma, in Harris JR, Lippman ME, Morrow M, Osborne CK. Diseases of the Breast, 5th edition. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2014.
  64. Sanders ME, Schuyler PA, Simpson JF, Page DL, Dupont WD. Continued observation of the natural history of low-grade ductal carcinoma in situ reaffirms proclivity for local recurrence even after more than 30 years of follow-up. Mod Pathol. 28(5):662-669, 2015.
  65. American Cancer Society. Breast Cancer Facts and Figures 2024-2025. Atlanta, GA: American Cancer Society, 2024.
  66. Visser LL, Groen EJ, van Leeuwen FE, Lips EH, Schmidt MK, Wesseling J. Predictors of an invasive breast cancer recurrence after DCIS: a systematic review and meta-analyses. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 28(5):835-845, 2019.
  67. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. What are the symptoms of breast cancer? http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/breast/basic_info/symptoms.htm, 2021.
  68. American Cancer Society. Breast cancer signs and symptoms. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/about/breast-cancer-signs-and-symptoms.html, 2022.
  69. Kosters JP, Gotzsche PC. Regular self-examination or clinical examination for early detection of breast cancer (review). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Issue 3: CD003373, 2008.
  70. National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN). NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Genetic/familial high-risk assessment: breast, ovarian, and pancreatic. Version 1.2023. http://www.nccn.org, 2022.
  71. National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN). NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Breast cancer, Version 4.2022. http://www.nccn.org, 2022.
  72. Saslow D, Boetes C, Burke W, et al. for the American Cancer Society Breast Cancer Advisory Group. American Cancer Society guidelines for breast screening with MRI as an adjunct to mammography. CA Cancer J Clin. 57(2):75-89, 2007.
  73. Warner E, Messersmith H, Causer P, Eisen A, Shumak R, Plewes D. Systematic review: using magnetic resonance imaging to screen women at high risk for breast cancer. Ann Intern Med. 148(9):671-9, 2008.
  74. Lowry KP, Lee JM, Kong CY, et al. Annual screening strategies in BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutation carriers: a comparative effectiveness analysis. Cancer. 118(8):2021-30, 2012.
  75. Chiarelli AM, Prummel MV, Muradali D, et al. Effectiveness of screening with annual magnetic resonance imaging and mammography: results of the initial screen from the Ontario High Risk Breast Screening Program. J Clin Oncol. 32(21):2224-30, 2014.
  76. de Blok CJM, Wiepjes CM, Nota NM, et al. Breast cancer risk in transgender people receiving hormone treatment: nationwide cohort study in the Netherlands. BMJ. 365:l1652, 2019.
  77. Brown A, Lourenco AP, Niell BL, et al. for the Expert Panel on Breast Imaging. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® transgender breast cancer screening. J Am Coll Radiol. 18(11S):S502-S515, 2021. American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria: Transgender breast cancer screening. https://acsearch.acr.org/docs/3155692/Narrative/, 2021.
  78. Hartmann LC, Sellers TA, Schaid DJ, et al. Efficacy of bilateral prophylactic mastectomy in BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutation carriers. J Natl Cancer Inst. 93:1633-7, 2001.
  79. Lostumbo L, Carbine NE, Wallace J. Prophylactic mastectomy for the prevention of breast cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. (11):CD002748, 2010.
  80. Hartmann LC, Lindor NM. The role of risk-reducing surgery in hereditary breast and ovarian cancer. N Engl J Med. 374(5):454-68, 2016.
  81. Lehman CD, Gatsonis C, Kuhl CK, et al. for the ACRIN Trial 6667 Investigators Group. MRI evaluation of the contralateral breast in women with recently diagnosed breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 356(13):1295-303, 2007.
  82. Shah C, Ahlawat S, Khan A, et al. The role of MRI in the follow-up of women undergoing breast-conserving therapy. Am J Clin Oncol. 39(3):314-9, 2016.
  83. Buist DSM, Abraham L, Lee CI, et al. for the Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium. Breast biopsy intensity and findings following breast cancer screening in women with and without a personal history of breast cancer. JAMA Intern Med. 178(4):458-468, 2018.
  84. Mallio CA, Rovira A, Parizel PM, Quattrocchi CC. Exposure to gadolinium and neurotoxicity: current status of preclinical and clinical studies. Neuroradiology. 62(8):925-934, 2020.
  85. Sippo DA, Burk KS, Mercaldo SF, et al. Performance of screening breast MRI across women with different elevated breast cancer risk indications. Radiology. 292(1):51-59, 2019.
  86. Cho N, Han W, Han BK, et al. Breast cancer screening with mammography plus ultrasonography or magnetic resonance imaging in women 50 years or younger at diagnosis and treated with breast conservation therapy. JAMA Oncol. 3(11):1495-1502, 2017.
  87. Berg WA, Zhang Z, Lehrer D, et al. for the ACRIN 6666 Investigators. Detection of breast cancer with addition of annual screening ultrasound or a single screening MRI to mammography in women with elevated breast cancer risk. JAMA. 307(13):1394-404, 2012.
  88. O’Flynn EA, Ledger AE, deSouza NM. Alternative screening for dense breasts: MRI. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 204(2):W141-9, 2015.
  89. Bakker MF, de Lange SV, Pijnappel RM, et al. for the DENSE Trial Study Group. Supplemental MRI screening for women with extremely dense breast tissue. N Engl J Med. 381(22):2091-2102, 2019.
  90. Geuzinge HA, Bakker MF, Heijnsdijk EAM, et al. for the DENSE trial study group. Cost-effectiveness of magnetic resonance imaging screening for women with extremely dense breast tissue. J Natl Cancer Inst. 113(11):1476-1483, 2021.
  91. Gartlehner G, Thaler K, Chapman A, et al. Mammography in combination with breast ultrasonography versus mammography for breast cancer screening in women at average risk. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 4:CD009632, 2013.
  92. Mizzi D, Allely C, Zarb F, et al. Examining the effectiveness of supplementary imaging modalities for breast cancer screening in women with dense breasts: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Radiol. 154:11046, 2022.
  93. Giger ML, Inciardi MF, Edwards A, et al. Automated breast ultrasound in breast cancer screening of women with dense breasts: reader study of mammography-negative and mammography-positive cancers. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 206(6):1341-50, 2016.
  94. Tagliafico AS, Calabrese M, Mariscotti G, et al. Adjunct screening with tomosynthesis or ultrasound in women with mammography-negative dense breasts: interim report of a prospective comparative trial. J Clin Oncol. 34(16):1882-8, 2016.
  95. Rebolj M, Assi V, Brentnall A, Parmar D, Duffy SW. Addition of ultrasound to mammography in the case of dense breast tissue: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Cancer. 118(12):1559-1570, 2018.
  96. Yuan WH, Hsu HC, Chen YY, Wu CH. Supplemental breast cancer-screening ultrasonography in women with dense breasts: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Cancer. 123(4):673-688, 2020.
  97. Yi A, Jang MJ, Yim D, Kwon BR, Shin SU, Chang JM. Addition of screening breast US to digital mammography and digital breast tomosynthesis for breast cancer screening in women at average risk. Radiology. 298(3):568-575, 2021.
  98. Shermis RB, Wilson KD, Doyle MT, et al. Supplemental breast cancer screening with molecular breast imaging for women with dense breast tissue. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 207(2):450-7, 2016.
  99. Hruska CB. Molecular breast imaging for screening in dense breasts: state of the art and future directions. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 208(2):275-283, 2017.
  100. Mann RM, Hooley R, Barr RG, Moy L. Novel approaches to screening for breast cancer. Radiology. 297(2):266-285, 2020.
  101. Rhodes DJ, Hruska CB, Conners AL, et al. Journal Club: Molecular breast imaging at reduced radiation dose for supplemental screening in mammographically dense breasts. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 204(2):241-51, 2015.
  102. Kuhl CK, Schrading S, Strobel K, Schild HH, Hilgers RD2 Bieling HB. Abbreviated breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): first postcontrast subtracted images and maximum-intensity projection-a novel approach to breast cancer screening with MRI. J Clin Oncol. 32(22):2304-10, 2014.
  103. Comstock CE, Gatsonis C, Newstead GM, et al. Comparison of abbreviated breast MRI vs digital breast tomosynthesis for breast cancer detection among women with dense breasts undergoing screening. JAMA. 323(8):746-756, 2020.
  104. Weinstein SP, Korhonen K, Cirelli C, et al. Abbreviated breast magnetic resonance imaging for supplemental screening of women with dense breasts and average risk. J Clin Oncol. 38(33):3874-3882, 2020.
  105. Geach R, Jones LI, Harding SA, et al. for the FAST MRI Study Group. The potential utility of abbreviated breast MRI (FAST MRI) as a tool for breast cancer screening: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Radiol. 76(2):154, 2021.
  106. Kim SY, Cho N, Hong H, et al. Abbreviated screening MRI for women with a history of breast cancer: comparison with full-protocol breast MRI. Radiology. 305(1):36-45, 2022.
  107. Lee CI and Elmore JC. Chapter 11. Breast Cancer Screening, in Harris JR, Lippman ME, Morrow M, Osborne CK. Diseases of the Breast, 5th edition. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2014.
  108. Mainiero MB, Lourenco A, Mahoney MC, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria breast cancer screening. J Am Coll Radiol. 13(11S):R45-R49, 2016.
  109. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Breast cancer screening: thermogram no substitute for mammogram. https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/breast-cancer-screening-thermogram-no-substitute-mammogram, 2021.
  110. Jourquin J, Reffey SB, Jernigan C, et al. Susan G. Komen Big Data for Breast Cancer initiative: how patient advocacy organizations can facilitate using big data to improve patient outcomes. JCO Precis Oncol. 3:PO.19.00184, 2019.
  111. Yala A, Lehman C, Schuster T, Portnoi T, Barzilay R. A deep learning mammography-based model for improved breast cancer risk prediction. Radiology. 292(1):60-66, 2019.
  112. Yala A, Schuster T, Miles R, Barzilay R, Lehman C. A deep learning model to triage screening mammograms: a simulation study. Radiology. 293(1):38-46, 2019.
  113. Duric N, Boyd N, Littrup P, et al. Breast density measurements with ultrasound tomography: a comparison with film and digital mammography. Med Phys. 40(1):013501, 2013.
  114. Fayanju OM, Kraenzle S, Drake BF, Oka M, Goodman MS. Perceived barriers to mammography among underserved women in a Breast Health Center Outreach Program. Am J Surg. 208(3):425-34, 2014.
  115. Ramachandran A, Snyder FR, Katz ML, et al. for the Patient Navigation Research Program Investigators. Barriers to health care contribute to delays in follow-up among women with abnormal cancer screening: data from the Patient Navigation Research Program. Cancer. 121(22):4016-24, 2015.
  116. Shoemaker ML, White MC. Breast and cervical cancer screening among Hispanic subgroups in the USA: estimates from the National Health Interview Survey 2008, 2010, and 2013. Cancer Causes Control. 27(3):453-7, 2016.
  117. Shoemaker ML, White MC. Breast and cervical cancer screening among Asian subgroups in the USA: estimates from the National Health Interview Survey, 2008, 2010, and 2013. Cancer Causes Control. 27(6):825-9, 2016.
  118. White A, Thompson TD, White MC, et al. Cancer screening test use – United States, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 66(8):201-206, 2017.
  119. Henderson LM, O’Meara ES, Haas JS, et al. The role of social determinants of health in self-reported access to health care among women undergoing screening mammography. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 29(11):1437-1446, 2020.
  120. Kurani SS, McCoy RG, Lampman MA, et al. Association of neighborhood measures of social determinants of health with breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer screening rates in the US Midwest. JAMA Netw Open. 3(3):e200618, 2020.
  121. American Cancer Society. Cancer Prevention & Early Detection Facts & Figures, 2021-2022. Atlanta, GA: American Cancer Society, 2021.
  122. Surveillance Research Program, National Cancer Institute. SEER*Explorer. Breast Cancer – 5-year age-adjusted incidence rates, 2015-2019, by race/ethnicity, female, all ages, all stages. Accessed on April 19, 2022. https://seer.cancer.gov/explorer/, 2022.
  123. Surveillance Research Program, National Cancer Institute. SEER*Explorer. Breast Cancer – Recent trends in SEER age-adjusted mortality rates, 2000-2020, by race/ethnicity, female, all ages. Accessed on October 11, 2022. https://seer.cancer.gov/explorer/, 2022.
  124. Surveillance Research Program, National Cancer Institute. SEER*Explorer. Breast Cancer – 5-year age-adjusted mortality rates, 2016-2020, by race/ethnicity, female, all ages. Accessed on October 11, 2022. https://seer.cancer.gov/explorer/, 2022.
  125. Surveillance Research Program, National Cancer Institute. SEER*Explorer. Breast Cancer – Long-term trends in SEER age-adjusted incidence rates, 1975-2019, by race/ethnicity, observed SEER incidence rates, female, all ages. Accessed on April 19, 2022. https://seer.cancer.gov/explorer/, 2022.
  126. Surveillance Research Program, National Cancer Institute. SEER*Explorer. Breast Cancer – Long-term trends in SEER age-adjusted mortality rates, 1975-2019, by race/ethnicity, female, all ages. Accessed on April 19, 2022. https://seer.cancer.gov/explorer/, 2022.
  127. DeSantis CE, Miller KD, Goding Sauer A, Jemal A, Siegel RL. Cancer statistics for African Americans, 2019. CA Cancer J Clin. 69(3):211-233, 2019.
  128. Miller-Kleinhenz JM, Collin LJ, Seidel R, et al. Racial disparities in diagnostic delay among women with breast cancer. J Am Coll Radiol. 18(10):1384-1393, 2021.
  129. Lawson MB, Bissell MCS, Miglioretti DL, et al. Multilevel factors associated with time to biopsy after abnormal screening mammography results by race and ethnicity. JAMA Oncol. 8(8):1115-1126, 2022.
  130. George P, Chandwani S, Gabel M, et al. Diagnosis and surgical delays in African American and white women with early-stage breast cancer. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 24(3):209-17, 2015.
  131. Chen L, Li CI. Racial disparities in breast cancer diagnosis and treatment by hormone receptor and HER2 status. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 24(11):1666-72, 2015.
  132. Iqbal J, Ginsburg O, Rochon PA, Sun P, Narod SA. Differences in breast cancer stage at diagnosis and cancer-specific survival by race and ethnicity in the United States. JAMA. 313(2):165-73, 2015.
  133. American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts and Figures for African American/Black People 2022-2024. Atlanta, GA: American Cancer Society, 2022.
  134. Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, et al. (editors). Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2018. Table 1.11: Median age of cancer patients at diagnosis, 2014-2018, by primary cancer site, race and sex.
  135. National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD. Accessed on May 27, 2021. https://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2018/, 2021.
  136. American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts and Figures for Hispanics/Latinos, 2024-2026. Atlanta, GA: American Cancer Society, 2024.
  137. Towne SD Jr, Smith ML, Ory MG. Geographic variations in access and utilization of cancer screening services: examining disparities among American Indian and Alaska Native Elders. Int J Health Geogr. 13:18, 2014.
  138. Surveillance Research Program, National Cancer Institute. SEER*Explorer. Breast cancer – SEER 5-year age-adjusted incidence rates, 2015-2019, by race/ethnicity, female, all ages, localized. Accessed on April 26, 2022. https://seer.cancer.gov/explorer/, 2022.
  139. Melkonian SC, Jim MA, Haverkamp D, et al. Disparities in cancer incidence and trends among American Indians and Alaska Natives in the United States, 2010-2015. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 28(10):1604-1611, 2019.
  140. Gopalani SV, Janitz AE, Martinez SA, Gutman P, Khan S, Campbell JE. Trends in cancer incidence among American Indians and Alaska Natives and non-Hispanic Whites in the United States, 1999-2015. Epidemiology. 31(2):205-213, 2020.
  141. Nguyen KH, Pasick RJ, Stewart SL, Kerlikowske K, Karliner LS. Disparities in abnormal mammogram follow-up time for Asian women compared with non-Hispanic white women and between Asian ethnic groups. Cancer. 123(18):3468-3475, 2017.
  142. Austin SB, Pazaris MJ, Nichols LP, Bowen D, Wei EK, Spiegelman D. An examination of sexual orientation group patterns in mammographic and colorectal screening in a cohort of U.S. women. Cancer Causes Control. 24(3):539-47, 2013.
  143. Agénor M, Pérez AE, Tabaac AR, et al. Sexual orientation identity disparities in mammography among white, Black, and Latina U.S. women. LGBT Health. 7(6):312-320, 2020.
  144. Williams AD, Bleicher RJ, Ciocca RM. Breast cancer risk, screening, and prevalence among sexual minority women: an analysis of the National Health Interview Survey. LGBT Health. 7(2):109-118, 2020.
  145. Lee M, Jenkins WD, Boakye EA. Cancer screening utilization by residence and sexual orientation. Cancer Causes Control. 31(10):951-964, 2020.
  146. Horner-Johnson W, Dobbertin K, Andresen EM, Iezzoni LI. Breast and cervical cancer screening disparities associated with disability severity. Womens Health Issues. 24(1):e147-53, 2014.
  147. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Women with disabilities and breast cancer screening. http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/disabilityandhealth/breast-cancer-screening.html, 2020.
  148. Yankaskas BC, Dickens P, Bowling JM, et al. Barriers to adherence to screening mammography among women with disabilities. Am J Public Health. 100(5):947-53, 2010.
  149. Courtney-Long E, Armour B, Frammartino B, Miller J. Factors associated with self-reported mammography use for women with and women without a disability. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 20(9):1279-86, 2011.
  150. Ramjan L, Cotton A, Algoso M, Peters K. Barriers to breast and cervical cancer screening for women with physical disability: a review. Women Health. 56(2):141-56, 2016.
  151. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Disability and health information for women with disabilities. http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/disabilityandhealth/women.html, 2020.
  152. Khushalani JS, Ekwueme DU, Richards TB, et al. Utilization and cost of mammography screening among commercially insured women 50 to 64 years of age in the United States, 2012-2016. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 29(3):327-337, 2020.
  153. Cooper GS, Kou TD, Dor A, Koroukian SM, Schluchter MD. Cancer preventive services, socioeconomic status, and the Affordable Care Act. Cancer. 123(9):1585-1589, 2017.
  154. Surveillance Research Program, National Cancer Institute. SEER*Explorer. Breast Cancer – Long-term trends in SEER age-adjusted mortality rates, 1975-2020, by sex, all races, all ages. Accessed on October 12, 2022. https://seer.cancer.gov/explorer/, 2022.
  155. American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts and Figures 2023. Atlanta, GA: American Cancer Society, 2023.
  156. Hussein H, Abbas E, Keshavarzi S, et al. Supplemental breast cancer screening in women with dense breasts and negative mammography: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Radiology. 306(3):e221785, 2023.
  157. Surveillance Research Program, National Cancer Institute. SEER*Explorer. Breast Cancer – 5-year age-adjusted incidence rates, 2016-2020, by race/ethnicity, female, all ages, all stages. Accessed on April 21, 2023. https://seer.cancer.gov/explorer/, 2023.
  158. Surveillance Research Program, National Cancer Institute. SEER*Explorer. Breast Cancer – U.S. 5-year age-adjusted mortality rates, 2016-2020, by race/ethnicity, female, all ages. Accessed on April 21, 2023. https://seer.cancer.gov/explorer/, 2023.
  159. Surveillance Research Program, National Cancer Institute. SEER*Explorer. Breast Cancer – Long-term trends in SEER age-adjusted incidence rates, 1975-2020, by race/ethnicity, observed SEER incidence rate, female, all ages. Accessed on April 21, 2023. https://seer.cancer.gov/explorer/, 2023.
  160. Surveillance Research Program, National Cancer Institute. SEER*Explorer. Breast Cancer – Long-term trends in U.S. age-adjusted mortality rates, 1975-2020, by race/ethnicity, female, all ages. Accessed on April 21, 2023. https://seer.cancer.gov/explorer/, 2023.
  161. Surveillance Research Program, National Cancer Institute. SEER*Explorer. Breast Cancer – Long-term trends in SEER age-adjusted mortality rates, 1975-2020, by sex, all races/ethnicities, all ages. Accessed on April 26, 2023. https://seer.cancer.gov/explorer/, 2023.
  162. American Cancer Society. Cancer Prevention & Early Detection Facts & Figures, 2023-2024. Atlanta, GA: American Cancer Society, 2023.
  163. National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN). NCCN Clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Breast cancer screening and diagnosis, Version 2.2023. http://www.nccn.org, 2023.
  164. National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN). NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Genetic/familial high-risk assessment: breast, ovarian, and pancreatic. Version 2.2024. http://www.nccn.org, 2023.
  165. American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts and Figures 2024. Atlanta, GA: American Cancer Society, 2024.
  166. Siegel RL, Giaquinto AN, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2024. CA Cancer J Clin. 74(1):12-49, 2024.
  167. Surveillance Research Program, National Cancer Institute. SEER*Explorer. Breast cancer- Breast cancer median age at diagnosis, by race/ethnicity, female. Accessed on January 11, 2024. https://seer.cancer.gov/explorer/, 2024.
  168. American Cancer Society. American Cancer Society recommendations for the early detection of breast cancer. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/screening-tests-and-early-detection/american-cancer-society-recommendations-for-the-early-detection-of-breast-cancer.html, 2023.
  169. National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN). NCCN Clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Breast cancer screening and diagnosis, Version 2.2024. http://www.nccn.org, 2024.
  170. Nicholson WK, Silverstein M, Wong JB, et al. for the US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for breast cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 329(23):2057-2067, 2024.
  171. Henderson JT, Webber EM, Weyrich MS, Miller M, Melnikow J. Screening for breast cancer: evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA. 331(22):1931-1946, 2024.
  172. National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN). NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Breast cancer, Version 2.2024. http://www.nccn.org, 2024.
  173. National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN). NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Genetic/familial high-risk assessment: breast, ovarian, and pancreatic. Version 3.2024. http://www.nccn.org, 2024.
  174. Surveillance Research Program, National Cancer Institute. SEER*Explorer. Breast Cancer – 5-year age-adjusted incidence rates, 2017-2021, by race/ethnicity, female, all ages, all stages. Accessed on April 22, 2024. https://seer.cancer.gov/explorer/, 2024.
  175. Surveillance Research Program, National Cancer Institute. SEER*Explorer. Breast Cancer – U.S. 5-year age-adjusted mortality rates, 2018-2022, by race/ethnicity, female, all ages. Accessed on April 22, 2024. https://seer.cancer.gov/explorer/, 2024.
  176. Surveillance Research Program, National Cancer Institute. SEER*Explorer. Breast Cancer – Long-term trends in SEER age-adjusted incidence rates, 1975-2021, by race/ethnicity, observed SEER incidence rate, female, all ages. Accessed on April 22, 2024. https://seer.cancer.gov/explorer/, 2024.
  177. Surveillance Research Program, National Cancer Institute. SEER*Explorer. Breast Cancer – Long-term trends in U.S. age-adjusted mortality rates, 1975-2022, by race/ethnicity, female, all ages. Accessed on April 22, 2024. https://seer.cancer.gov/explorer/, 2024.
  178. Surveillance Research Program, National Cancer Institute. SEER*Explorer. Breast cancer- Breast cancer median age at diagnosis 2017-2021, by race/ethnicity, female. Accessed on April 23, 2024. https://seer.cancer.gov/explorer/, 2024.
  179. Surveillance Research Program, National Cancer Institute. SEER*Explorer. Breast cancer – SEER 5-year age-adjusted incidence rates, 2017-2021, by race/ethnicity, female, all ages, localized. Accessed on May 6, 2024. https://seer.cancer.gov/explorer/, 2024.
  180. Surveillance Research Program, National Cancer Institute. SEER*Explorer. Breast Cancer – Long-term trends in SEER age-adjusted mortality rates, 1975-2022, by sex, all races, all ages. Accessed on April 18, 2024. https://seer.cancer.gov/explorer/, 2024.
  181. Lång K, Josefsson V, Larsson AM, et al. Artificial intelligence-supported screen reading versus standard double reading in the Mammography Screening with Artificial Intelligence trial (MASAI): a clinical safety analysis of a randomised, controlled, non-inferiority, single-blinded, screening accuracy study. Lancet Oncol. 24(8):936-944, 2023.
  182. Yoon JH, Strand F, Baltzer PAT, et al. Standalone AI for breast cancer detection at screening digital mammography and digital breast tomosynthesis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Radiology. 307(5):e222639, 2023.
  183. National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN). NCCN Clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Breast cancer screening and diagnosis, Version 2.2024. http://www.nccn.org, 2024.
  184. Corso G, Gandini S, D’Ecclesiis O, et al. Risk and incidence of breast cancer in transgender individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer Prev. 32(3):207-214, 2023.
  185. Lauritzen AD, Lillholm M, Lynge E, Nielsen M, Karssemeijer N, Vejborg I. Early indicators of the impact of using AI in mammography screening for breast cancer. Radiology. 311(3):e232479, 2024.

Updated 10/04/24

 

TOOLS & RESOURCES

PDF

Fact Sheet

Support After a Breast Cancer Diagnosis